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Laboratory Tests to Determine the “Consequences of an Explosion (Explosion Severity)”
 “爆炸后果（爆炸烈度）”的實(shí)驗(yàn)室測試

Maximum Explosion Pressure, Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise, Explosion Severity (Kst Value) (ASTM E 1226) 最大爆炸壓力，最大壓力上升速率，爆炸烈度(Kst Value) (ASTM E 1226)
The maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise are measured and used to calculate the explosion severity (Kst) value of the dust cloud.  These data can be used for the purpose of designing dust explosion protection measures such as explosion relief venting, suppression, and containment. 最大爆炸壓力和最大壓力上升速率被用來測量和計(jì)算粉塵的爆炸烈度Kst。這些數(shù)據(jù)可用于設(shè)計(jì)粉塵爆炸防護(hù)措施如泄爆、抑爆、耐爆等裝置。

BASIS OF SAFETY FROM DUST CLOUD EXPLOSIONS
粉塵云爆炸的安全基本要求

Dust cloud explosion risk management could include taking measures to avoid an explosion (explosion prevention) or designing facilities and equipment so that in the event of an explosion people and facilities are protected (explosion protection).  Selection of explosion prevention and/or protection measures is usually based on: 粉塵云爆炸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理包括采取避免爆炸（防爆）發(fā)生、采用設(shè)施和設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)在發(fā)生爆炸時減少對員工和設(shè)備（防爆）的損害。如何選擇防爆措施通常是基于以下幾點(diǎn)：

- How much information is available on the sensitivity of the powder(s) to ignition and the resulting explosion severity,
- 關(guān)于粉塵對點(diǎn)火源的感度和粉塵的爆炸烈度的相關(guān)資料的熟識程度
- The nature of the processes and operations,
- 過程和操作的性質(zhì)
- The level of personnel’s knowledge and appreciation regarding the consequences of a potential dust explosion and adherence to the preventive measures, 
- 員工對可能存在的粉塵爆炸后果了解程度和鑒別能力，以及遵守預(yù)防措施的自覺性
- Effects of an explosion on personnel, environment, and the business.
- 爆炸對人員，環(huán)境，和業(yè)務(wù)的影響
 
Explosion Prevention Measures
防爆措施

The risk of an explosion is reduced when one of the following measures is taken:
采取了以下措施后，爆炸的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以降低：
- Inert Gas Blanketing - The atmosphere is sufficiently depleted of oxidant (normally the oxygen in air) so that it cannot support combustion
- 惰性氣體保護(hù)--將空氣中的氧氣除去（通常是空氣中的氧），使燃燒無法繼續(xù)
- Avoidance of dust - An explosible dust cloud is never allowed to form by proper plant design, application of exhaust ventilation, and housekeeping
- 避免灰塵-通過適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)，通過排氣通風(fēng)以及清潔來避免爆炸性粉塵云產(chǎn)生。
- Avoidance of Ignition Sources - All ignition sources capable of igniting the dust cloud are identified and removed or effectively controlled.
- 避免火源-所有能點(diǎn)燃粉塵云的點(diǎn)火源被辨識并消除或得到有效控制。

If an explosible atmosphere cannot be prevented and/or all sources of ignition cannot be reasonably excluded, then the possibility of a dust cloud explosion persists.  Under such conditions explosion protection measures should be taken to protect people and minimize damage to facilities.  It should be noted that explosion protection measures should be considered in addition to taking all reasonable steps to reduce the possibility of formation/spread of dust clouds and exclude ignition sources.  Explosion Protection measures include:
如果一個具有爆炸性的大氣環(huán)境不能被阻止形成或無法排除所有可能的點(diǎn)火源，那么爆炸仍有可能發(fā)生。在這種情況下應(yīng)采取措施，保護(hù)員工和設(shè)備，盡量減少損失。應(yīng)該指出的是，爆炸防護(hù)措施不包括減少爆炸性粉塵云產(chǎn)生和傳播可能性的措施，以及排除點(diǎn)火源的措施。

- Explosion Containment - Equipment is constructed to withstand the maximum explosion pressure resulting from the deflagration of the dust that is present within the process,
- 耐爆-設(shè)備應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)成能夠承受工業(yè)過程中粉塵爆燃產(chǎn)生的最大爆炸壓力
- Explosion Relief Venting - Relieving the explosion products (pressure and flame) from the equipment to a safe location,
- 泄爆-將爆炸中的爆炸產(chǎn)物（壓力和火焰）釋放到安全地點(diǎn)
- Explosion Suppression - Detecting an explosion at an early stage and suppressing it with a suitable suppressant,
- 抑爆-在早期階段檢測出爆炸的發(fā)生，使用合適的抑制劑控制爆炸
- Explosion Isolation - Dust explosions can propagate through pipes, chutes, conveyors, etc.  Regardless of what type of explosion protection measure is considered, the dust cloud explosion should be prevented from propagating from the location where it originates to other locations in the plant.  This is referred to as “Explosion Isolation”.  The first step in isolating an explosion is to avoid unnecessary connections.  Additionally, barriers may need to be created in the path of the explosion to protect personnel and facility. 
- 爆炸隔離-粉塵爆炸可以通過管道，輸送槽等傳播，不論什么類型的防爆措施，應(yīng)防止爆炸從原發(fā)地傳播到其他地方。這被稱之為“隔爆”。隔離爆炸的第一步是避免不必要的連接。此外，可能需要在爆炸傳播路徑中設(shè)置障礙物來保護(hù)員工和設(shè)備